Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (1710 – 1736) was born in Jesi, Italy. His name became known thanks to his comic opera La Serva Padrona. He was slightly handicapped and had a weak constitution. He probably died of tuberculosis.
A lot of confusion exists about which works Pergolesi did or did not compose. As his work came more and more in demand, some publishers tried to make a little extra by taking an anonymous composition and attaching the name of Pergolesi to it. However, about the Stabat Mater there is no doubt. It is known that in his early years he composed a Stabat Mater in A minor. Probably the Stabat Mater in C minor was Pergolesi’s last composition. The commission for this work was given by the same Order in Naples for which Alessandro Scarlatti had composed a Stabat Mater in 1723. Though the score of the compositions is almost identical, the melodic lines of Pergolesi are more sentimental and highly ornamented.
The piece was widely acclaimed and it seems to have inspired many composers to imitate, paraphrase and adapt (see Brunetti, de Nardis and Paisiello). Joseph Eybler (1764 – 1846), who was a friend of Mozart and who became Court Kapellmeister in Vienna after Antonio Salieri, added a choir to replace some of the duets, and extended the orchestra. Others were John Adam Hiller/Johann Adam Hüller (1728 – 1804) and Alexy Fyodorovich L’vov (ca. 1830). The musical setting of Psalm 51 “Tilge, Höchster, meine Sünden” of the great Johann Sebastian is another example. A completely different, and very curious adaptation is by a group called “Ophelia’s Dream” (see CD 8). It seems that this kind of music is described as “Gothic”. The Victor Alcántara Trio recorded an extended (one hour!) jazz improvisation , in which all parts of the Stabat Mater are used as starting points (See CD 9) and another interesting one is by Jazz musician Enrico Rava for string quartet, trumpet, accordion, guitar, bass and percussion (See CD 10). The well-known producer Frank Fitzpatrick, who also composed music for numerous movies, recently produced a CD in a kind of hip-hop style for the singer Sasha Lazard, with a Stabat Mater composition by him, based on Pergolesi (See CD 11). Another quite different interpretation of the first part of Pergolesi’s Stabat Mater can be found on a CD by “Le Quator” (See CD 12). This group is a string quartet, but they sing, too, playing all kinds of music, from Cole Porter to Mozart. Though they are a kind of musical clowns, their interpretation of the music comes close to being serious. The soundtrack of the George Lukas movie “THX 1138” contains a small Stabat Mater, composed by Lalo Schifrin. It starts with a line from the first part of Pergolesi’s work, but then develops into a gloomy orchestral work. It plays during the film titles. (See CD 13)
The first and last parts of Pergolesi’s Stabat Mater have been used in the soundtrack of the movie “Jésus de Montréal”; the third part (Quis est homo) is used in the soundtrack of the movie “Smilla’s Sense of Snow”; the last part is also used in the movie “Amadeus” and in the movie “Mirror” by Andrei Tarkovsky. The film “Cactus” by the Australian director Paul Cox is also said to have Pergolesi’s Stabat Mater on the soundtrack, but I do not know what parts are used.
The work is divided into twelve sections, varying from one to five stanzas. Very moving melodies, which led to some criticism because they were thought to be too cheerful. Interesting is the line "dum e-mi-sit" which is sung intermittently, as a musical picture of the last breaths of Jesus. This is found also with some other composers. Some interpretations deviate from the composer's score, as a choir has been added to the two voices (see the second Colorbar, based on CD 2). This is probably based on the Eybler adaptation.
Colour bar
Textual variations
The "Analecta"-version of the text is used, with one change: - Stanza 16, line 2: not "Passionis eius sortem" but "Passionis fac consortem"
Information about the recording
CD1:
Decca 421 645-2: Rossini, Petite Messe Solenelle
More info:
A double CD with Rossini's beautiful mass, to which the Stabat Mater has been added to complete the second CD. These registrations appeared earlier on LP. The Stabat Mater was recorded at the Conservatorio di Napoli, Naples, in July 1964. It is a fine performance, with excellent soloists, though the use of a full-bodied string orchestra is not exactly as Pergolesi prescribed. I bought this CD in a record shop in the Netherlands, 1994
Orchestra:
Orchestra Rossini di Napoli
Conductor:
Franco Carraciolo
Soloists:
Judith Raskin, soprano; Maureen Lehane, alto
Other works:
Gioacchino Rossini: Petite Messe Solenelle
Code:
1994 ROS 02
CD2:
Decca 443 869-2 (double CD): Pergolesi/Scarlatti/Bononcini – Stabat Mater
More info:
A nice collection of Stabat Maters and some other works, even if the registrations are rather old. As it is the only Bononcini registration that I know of, every collector should have it. Pergolesi was recorded in 1978. The performance deviates from the original score, as a choir is used in some sections, and, of course, a full-bodied string orchestra. I bought this CD in a record shop in the Netherlands, 1997
Orchestra:
The Argo Chamber Orchestra
Choir:
Choir of St.John's College, Cambridge
Conductor:
George Guest
Soloists:
Felicity Palmer, soprano; Alfreda Hodgson, alto
Other works:
Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Magnificat in C major; Antonio Bononcini, Stabat Mater; Domenico Scarlatti, Stabat Mater; Alessandro Scarlatti, O magnum mysterium + Domine, refugium factus est nobis; Antonio Lotti, Crucifixus
Code:
1997 BON 01
CD3:
L'Oiseau-Lyre 425 692-2: Pergolesi – Stabat Mater – Salve Regina
More info:
Recorded at the St Jude's Church, London, in August 1988. Another fine performance, with excellent soloists, though again the use of a full-bodied string orchestra is not exactly as Pergolesi prescribed. Some people find this interpretation too florid.
Orchestra:
Academy of Ancient Music
Conductor:
Christopher Hogwood
Soloists:
Emma Kirkby, soprano; James Bowman, countertenor
Other works:
Giovanni Battista Pergolesi: Salve Regina
Code:
PER 01
CD4:
STH Quality Records 19343: Giovanni Pergolesi, Stabat Mater
More info:
I like this one, even if I am not very fond of trebles, because the interpretation is as close to the original as possible. No female singers are used, and the accompaniment is as Pergolesi wrote. Pure Pergolesi! Recorded at the St.Joriskerk, Amersfoort, Netherlands, in May 1993.
Orchestra:
Florilegium Musicum
Conductor:
Pieter Jan Leusink
Soloists:
Martinus Leusink, treble; Sytze Buwalda, countertenor
Code:
Unknown PER 02
CD5:
Alpha 009: Musica napoletana per la festa della Vergine dei Sette dolori
More info:
This CD tries to paint a picture of the festivities that took place in the streets of Naples in the 18th century during processions hold in honor of the Virgin of the Seven Sorrows, on the Friday before Palm Sunday. Recorded in Paris, February 2000. The Pergolesi Stabat Mater is performed with a light accompaniment, as it should, but stanzas 1, 3, 10 and 20 are sung not by soloists, but by a choir. It is a very fast interpretation.
Orchestra:
Le Poème Harmonique
Choir:
Les Pages et les Chantres de la Chapelle
Conductor:
Olivier Schneebeli
Soloists:
Arno Meier, Florent Msigtot, Marie Planinsek, trebles; Damien Guillon, Bruno Le Levreur, countertenor
Other works:
Anonymous: Stabat Mater intonation; Anonymous: Tarantella; Anonymous: Stabat Mater à trois voix; Francesco Durante: Concerto nr 4 en mi
Code:
Unknown (PER 03)
CD6:
Novita' della Classica: Pergolesi, Stabat Mater – Salve Regina – In Coelestibus Regnis
More info:
Nice performance, with fine soloists, but again, with the use of a full-bodied string orchestra. Recorded at the Sacrestia Monumentale della Chiesa di San Marco, Milan, in February 1996.
Orchestra:
I Solisti dell'Orchestra Filarmonica della Scala
Conductor:
Ricardo Muti
Soloists:
Barbara Frittoli, soprano; Anna Caterina Antonacci, alto
Other works:
Salve Regina; In Coelestibus Regnis
Code:
PER 04
CD7:
KRO ES47.387: Stabat Mater Giovanni Pergolesi
More info:
This CD is produced by the Dutch KRO radio, in cooperation with the Stabat Mater Foundation. Even faster than CD 5. Yet again, with the use of a full-bodied string orchestra. Also, the soloists are partly – during 6 stanzas – replaced by a female choir. Nevertheless, a performance worth listening to, in a suitable location. Moreover, it features the world premiere of the Stabat Mater by Fiocco. It is a recording of a concert performed on April 1, 2001 in the St.Petrus church at Oirschot.
Choir:
Capella Brugensis
Conductor:
Patrick Peire
Soloists:
Roberta Alexander, soprano; Sytse Buwalda, alto
Other works:
Pietro Antonio Fiocco, Stabat Mater; Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Stabat Mater
Code:
2001 (FIO 01)
CD8:
Sad Eyes (Trinity records) tri 051 cd: Ophelia's Dream – Stabat Mater – EP
More info:
It is a pity that very little information is given with this CD. A sticker on the box tell us: "Heavenly voices & neo-classic with a feeling of an honest, eyeball-to-eyeball confrontation with Death, or laughter in the face of Death. Goth in its purest and darkest sense!" I would describe it as an extremely romantic, heavily accentuated adaption of the Pergolesi work. Nevertheless, I like it! The normal string orchestra has been extended by clavichord, piano and church organ. Stanzas 2 and 4 are played as orchestral interludes, while stanza 10 is a toccata-like organ solo. The final Amen is played as a piano solo. Stanza's 9 and 11 through 19 are omitted. Recorded in the Nova Tonstudio Beilstein; no date is given. The total playing time is only 23.43 minutes! I bought this CD on the Internet, Martz-Mailorder, 2001
Soloists:
Susanne Stierle and Dietmar Greulich. No information about what they did. Probably the two singers (soprano, alto).
Code:
2001 PER 05
CD9:
Organic Music ORGM 9716: Victor Alcántara Trio. Stabat Mater Inspirations
More info:
A very nice improvisation. As Victor Alcántara writes: "This trio arrangement is intended to let the music speak for itself. The text was not the point of departure for the arrangement, though it has left its mark. I hope that despite the musical treatment to which the original has been subjected, the listener can still perceive the love which with Pergolesi wrote his work an which remains immanent in it". Recorded in Germany in 1999.
Orchestra:
Victor Alcántara Trio
Soloists:
Victor Alcántara: piano; Thomas Stabenow, bass; Bastian Jütte, percussion
Code:
PER 06
CD10:
Harmonia Mundi (Label Bleu) LBLC 6559: Rava l'opera va
More info:
Partly, the jazz improvisation follows the Pergolesi melodies in a very relaxed way, partly it consists of Miles Davies-like improvisations, not really my taste. The CD was recorded in Italy in 1993. I bought this CD in a record shop in the Netherlands in 1999.
Orchestra:
String quartet Insieme strumentale di Roma
Soloists:
Enrico Rava, trumpet; Richard Galliano, accordion; Battista Lena, guitar; Palle Danielsson, bass; Jon Christensen, percussion
Other works:
Jazz improvisations on works by Puccini (a.o. Tosca) and Bizet
Code:
1999 PER 07
CD11:
Omtown OMCD 11552: Sasha Lazard, The Myth of Red
More info:
A collection of songs, described on Sasha Lazard's website as: Operatic arias fused together with primal/tribal electronic hip-hop beats. We can hear Pergolesi in the song Stabat Mater IXXI and in Stabat Mater Reprise. Recorded in the USA in 2002. I bought this CD on the Internet, JPC.de, 2003.
Orchestra:
Keyboards, synth bass, percussion, cello
Soloists:
Sasha Lazard, soprano
Other works:
The music is partly based on classical music (for instance Rachmaninov, Caccini, Verdi, Cesti, Saint-Saens)
Code:
2003 PER 08
CD12:
JMS 18689-2: Le Quator
More info:
A collection of musical pieces which resemble patchwork, being composed of parts of classical music, modern and traditional songs, played by musical clowns. Still, it is quite nice to listen to. Pity that I cannot understand what they sing. I bought this CD on the Internet, JPC.de, 2003
Orchestra:
Le Quator, consisting of: Jean-Claude Camors, violin; Laurent Vercambre, violin; Pierre Ganem, viola; Laurent Cirade, cello
Other works:
In the twelve pieces on the CD we can hear shards of Mozart, Borodin, Brahms, Tsjaikowsky and others.
Code:
2003 PER 09
CD13:
Film Score Monthly, Vol.6, Nr.4 – Lalo Schifrin, THX 1138
More info:
The original motion picture soundtrack of THX 1138, an SF movie by George Lukas, made in 1969. I bought this CD on the Internet, Buysoundtrax.com, 2004
Orchestra:
Unknown, but conducted by Lalo Schifrin
Code:
2004 PER 10
CD14:
Recording of the concert by Saxo Panico and soloists on March 27, 2008 in the Bethaniënklooster in Amsterdam
More info:
This is a very special performance. Saxo Panico is a saxophone quartet. They made an arrangement of the Pergolesi Stabat Mater for their saxophone quartet. Apart from a few minimal adaptations, they remain totally true to the original composition by Pergolesi. I visited the concert and they gave me a CD.
The cd contains baroque music (Pergolesi, Bach, Corelli, Vivaldi, Purcell) with original instruments, mixed with modern instruments and improvisations. Sometimes a bit jazzy, sometimes romantic. I like it very much. Andreas Prittwitz sent the cd (and another one Looking Back over The Renaissance) to me because of Pergolesi's Stabat Mater Dolorosa (only the first stanza).
Orchestra:
Andreas Prittwitz, Soprano Saxophone and Clarinet; Krzysztof Wisniewsky and Joan Espina, Violins; Christina Pozas, Viola; Miguel Jiménez, Violoncello; Roberto Terrón, Contrabas
Other works:
J. S. Bach, Preludio (Suite Nº1 for Violoncello); A. Corelli, La Follia; J.S. Bach, Siciliano (Sonata Nº2 for Flute); A. Vivaldi, Largo (Concerto En Do Per Ottavino); Casper Sanz, Lantururú – Zarabanda - Canarios; Henry Purcell, Aria 37 (Dido & Aeneas); J.S. Bach, Minueto I & II (Suite Nº1 for Violoncello)
Code:
October 2010 PER 12
CD16:
GLO 5245 Smart had moeders hart bevangen NPU
More info:
This Pergolesi Stabat Mater is sung in Dutch. The translation is from Willem Wilmink.
Orchestra:
De Nieuwe Philharmonie Utrecht
Conductor:
Johannes Leertouwer
Soloists:
Klaartje van Veldhoven, soprano; Rob Meijers, alt; Marten Root, traverso
Other works:
Wilhelm Friedeman Bach: Adagio & Fuga in d-minor; Antonio Vivaldi: Sinfonia al Santosepolcro in b-minor; Frantsek Benda: Concert for flute and strings
Code:
2012 PER-13
CD17:
Stabat Mater Foundation 2013: Pergolesi (Tawfic, Despresz)
More info:
The recording of the 15th concert organised by the Dutch Stabat Mater Foundation. Recorded at the Sint Petrus Church, Oirschot, in March 2013.
Orchestra:
Euterpe Baroque Consort
Conductor:
Stratton Bull
Soloists:
Ilse Eerens, Soprano; Mirjam Schreur, Alto
Other works:
Josquin Despresz, Stabat Mater; Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Stabat Mater
Code:
2015 TAW-01
CD18:
Pergolesi Stabat Mater HMA 1951119
More info:
This CD was released in 2011 but the recording is from 1981. I own the CD for a long time and I don't know why I did not add it before. I am sorry, I don't remember how I did get it. But I listened it now and I like it very much, especially the voice of René Jacobs.
Orchestra:
Concerto Vocale
Conductor:
René Jacobs
Soloists:
Sebastian Hennig, soprano; René Jacobs, counter tenor
Code:
PER 14
CD19:
CPO 555 103-2 Pergolesi, Stabat Mater Marie-Luise Hinrichs
More info:
This CD was sent to me by Orlando Romulo Sanchez. He is the manager of the concert pianist Marie-Luise Hinrichs. She made the transcription for piano solo of Pergolesi's Stabat Mater herself. Thank you very much!
Orchestra:
Marie-Luise Hinrichs
Other works:
Domenico Scarlatti, Sonata in B flat major; Sonata in D minor; Sonata in D minor; Sonata in C major; Sonata in E major
